Keynes and the falling rate of profit

Keynes, along with Adam Smith, Ricardo, Marx, and even the classical marginalists, believed that the long-term trend of the rate of profit was downward. However, Keynes and other marginalists gave different explanations than Marx for this tendency.

Unraveling of the Post-1945 Order

As May winds down, the Gaza genocide continues, as do negotiations to end the Russo-Ukraine war, with no clear end in sight as of this writing. The Republican House of Representatives passed a bill now being considered by the Senate aimed at big cuts in government-supported Medicaid and possible cuts in Medicare and Social Security. The bill also features making earlier Trump-Republican tax cuts permanent, as well as adding more.

Liberals and progressives claim Republicans want to cut Medicaid to finance the tax cuts (capitalists don’t like to pay taxes) — but this is not their main motive.

Cutting Medicaid forces more of the poor onto the labor market by making them financially desperate to find a job or go without medical insurance. Nothing is being done to make more jobs available, nor are there plans to force bosses to provide medical insurance or wages sufficient to afford private insurance. They are intended to force people to work for wages that do not even pay the value of their labor power.

Keynes on the ‘Trade Cycle’

Keynes, throughout the “General Theory,” was concerned with explaining how his marginalist equation of “equilibrium” — marginal efficiency of capital = rate of (money) interest — could correspond to mass unemployment. The industrial cycle itself was of secondary concern for him. Nevertheless, in Chapter 22, entitled “Notes on the Trade Cycle,” Keynes does deal with the industrial cycle, or as he called it in the English manner, the “trade cycle.”

Keynes Attempts To Generalize Marginalist Theory

In previous chapters, we saw that Keynes denied that the unpaid labor of the working class produced surplus value. So, how does surplus value — profit, interest, and rent — arise, according to Keynes, if the working class does not produce it?

Ricardo and Marx vs. Keynes

Ricardo, unlike Adam Smith, attempted to use the law of labor value consistently. He sensed that this law applied not only to simple commodity production but also to capitalism proper. Ricardo was only partially successful in this, but he was on the right track. He realized that price is a relationship between the commodities whose price is being measured and the money commodity — gold — in which the commodity’s price is reckoned.

Liberation Day

On April 2, President Trump announced his “Liberation Day” tariffs. As this blog concentrates on economic questions, this was the biggest event of the last month. But before I get to the tariff, I’ll look at other developments.

Kilmar Abrego Garcia lived and worked legally in Maryland since 2019. The Trump administration accused him of belonging to a gang, arrested and put him on a plane heading for a notoriously brutal El Salvadoran prison. He had not been convicted of any crime. They then claimed they’d committed an administrative mistake.

On April 10, the Supreme Court unanimously ordered the return of Kilmar Abrego Garcia. As of this writing (April 28), he remains imprisoned, and Trump has refused to follow the court’s order. [I wonder whether the high court regrets last year’s decision that even after leaving office, a president cannot be criminally prosecuted for any action taken while in office in pursuit of their duties? I don’t know the answer, but it seems the court is like a man sawing off the branch he is sitting on. -SW]

Keynes on the ‘Classical’ Marginalist Economists

In the second chapter of his “General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money,” Keynes summarizes the theories of the “classical economists.” Keynes uses the same terminology that Marx uses and indeed borrowed the terminology from Marx. However, Keynes referred to the “classics” of marginalism, or rather, he lumped together the marginalists with the classical economists in Marx’s sense of the term.

The Origins of Keynes’s Views

Keynesian economics represented a major retreat from economic liberalism by bourgeois political economy under the blows of the Depression of the 1930s. But what was the doctrine that Keynesian economics reacted against?

Keynes and the Attempts to Mitigate Capitalist Crises of Overproduction

The Ideas of John Maynard Keynes

The ideas of the English economist John Maynard Keynes achieved their greatest influence during the 1960s and early 1970s. Keynes was widely credited by his followers among the economists and others in those days for saving capitalism.

Gaza Genocide Resumes as U.S. Wages War on Yemen

On March 17, the Gaza genocide resumed, first the blockade and then the bombing. It appears we are back where we were under Genocide Joe Biden. Up until then, Trump was better for the Palestinian people in one sense. After his election, negotiations paused the genocide. The pause began on January 19, the day before he became president.

Now the only difference is that, in theory, the Biden administration supported the so-called two-state solution that had been Washington’s official policy since 1993, with the Oslo Accords. The West Bank and the Gaza Strip would form a separate Palestinian state, while the rest of historic Palestine would belong to the Zionist entity, the Jewish State of Israel. Biden insisted that Gaza’s Hamas administration be replaced by the rule of the notorious collaborationist Palestinian Authority, under Mahmoud Abbas, who has acted as a Zionist agent. The Biden administration, like its predecessors, opposed anything like (bourgeois) democratic rule in Gaza.

Though he supported this approach in his first administration, Trump has now junked it. He’s made it clear that all Palestinians will have to leave Gaza, promising they will enjoy a wonderful life somewhere outside Palestine. In addition, the U.S. would own Gaza, transforming it into some kind of hotel casino resort, owned by U.S. capitalists that would include the Trump Organization itself.